OSHA’s “Fatal Four” – The leading causes of death in the construction industry

In 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 5,190 fatal work injuries, with nearly 20% of those deaths occurring in the construction industry, second only to transportation and materials handling. The good news is that the top causes of construction fatalities, known as the “Fatal Four”—falls, struck-by, electrocutions, and caught-in or -between—are preventable with proper safety measures. Here’s a closer look at each of these hazards and tips on how to avoid them.

1. Falls: Use Proper Fall Protection

Falls are the leading cause of fatalities in construction, accounting for 37% of deaths in 2023. OSHA requires fall protection when workers are 6 feet or more above the ground. This protection can include guardrails, safety nets, or personal fall arrest systems. Additionally, ensuring that ladders and scaffolding are used properly can significantly reduce fall risks. Workers should also be trained on how to recognize and avoid fall hazards and be equipped with the necessary safety gear.

2. Electrocutions: Ground and Insulate All Electrical Equipment

Electrocution was responsible for around 8% of construction worker deaths in 2023. Common risks on construction sites include exposed wiring, contact with overhead power lines, wet conditions near electrical sources, and poorly maintained power tools. To prevent electrocution, all electrical equipment should be grounded or double-insulated, and workers should follow OSHA’s electrical standards. Regular inspections of equipment and electrical systems are essential, as well as proper training on how to handle electrical hazards safely.

3. Struck-by Incidents: Stay Alert to Moving and Falling Objects

Another 8% of construction fatalities in 2023 were due to workers being struck by objects. This includes being hit by falling tools, swinging materials, or vehicles on-site. To minimize the risk, ensure proper rigging, secure all loose materials, and maintain well-functioning equipment. Workers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) like hard hats, stay clear of suspended loads, and remain vigilant in areas where there is a risk of falling or moving objects.

4. Caught-In or Caught-Between: Follow Safety Procedures Around Machinery and Trenches

Caught-in or -between accidents accounted for 5% of construction fatalities in 2023. These incidents occur when workers are trapped in or between equipment, materials, or collapsing structures, such as trenches. To prevent these accidents, make sure trenches are properly shored or sloped to prevent cave-ins, and that machinery is equipped with guards to protect against entanglement. Workers should be trained to recognize caught-in hazards and always follow safety protocols, especially around heavy machinery and excavation sites.

For more information on construction worker safety training videos and ways to prevent the “Fatal Four,” contact a workplace safety training specialist at BusyBoy Productions.